PhytoZon®
LYCOPENE Benefits:
Lycopene - Found in tomatoes, fruits and vegetables,
such as cherries, watermelon, pink grapefruit, red bell peppers and papayas. There are many fruits and vegetables such as asparagus and parsley that also contain lycopene. (Support studies listed in the Scientific Studies)
Helps Support:
-
Heart Health
-
Circulatory System Health
-
Enhanced Antioxidant Activity
The name “Lycopene” is derived from the Latin Solanum lycopersicum, the Linnaean name for the common Tomato. It is the bright red pigment found in tomatoes and other fruits and vegetables, such as cherries, watermelon, pink grapefruit, red bell peppers and papayas. However, there are many fruits and vegetables such as asparagus and parsley that contain lycopene yet are not
red in color.
Lycopene is not water soluble so upon ingestion, it is incorporated in fat globules in the intestines and then disseminated. As it permeates the
very low-density lipoproteins in the blood, those made up of triglycerides and the “bad” cholesterol, this may in some way explain its benefits in preventing/ameliorating atherosclerosis. Similarly, lycopene supplementation is associated with enhancing high density lipoprotein levels (the “good” cholesterol) and reducing blood pressure so in general, acts effectively on the
cardiovascular system.
As it is hydrophobic, Lycopene primarily ends up residing in fatty tissues and organs, such as the prostate. Thus, it is logical and has been shown in studies to reduce prostate symptoms, PSA levels and perhaps, the risk of prostate cancer itself. Additionally, its concentration in the fatty tissues, such as the testes, could explain its effects on male fertility and spermatogenesis.
There are several studies that have shown it is effective in some types of inflammation; that it may reduce the risk and severity of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women; and even, could play a role in reduce the risk of macular degeneration. There are some studies indicating that Lycopene can reduce the risk associated with UV damage from Sun overexposure which is consistent with the role it plays in skin pigmentation.
Lycopene is probably best known from larger studies reporting the benefits of normal tomato consumption – such as the reduction of cardiovascular incidents and increased quality and span of life as seen in the Mediterranean diet. While it is true that a higher level of serum Lycopene is associated with a healthy lifestyle, it is interesting to note that one study reported that in a subgroup with high lycopene levels, the reverse was found: poor health parameters.
Further review revealed that in this subgroup, the main source of Lycopene was in fact from ketchup. This group relied heavily on fast food restaurants for sustenance so while their levels were higher, their general lifestyle negated any perceived benefits.
LYCOPENE Science:
Ingredient: LYCOPENE - Works Cited:
(1) Mariani S, Lionetto L, Cavallari M et al: Low prostate concentration of
lycopene is associated with development of prostate cancer in patients with
high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Jan
21;15(1):1433-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24451130
(2) Daniels JA, Mulligan C, McCance D et al: A randomized controlled trial of
increasing fruit and vegetable intake and how this influences the carotenoid
concentration and activities of PON-1 and LCAT in HDL from subjects with
type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014 Jan 14; 13:16.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24423117
(3) Datta M, Taylor ML, Frizzell B: Dietary and serum lycopene levels in
prostate cancer patients undergoing intensity- modulated radiation therapy.
J Med Food. 2013 Dec;16(12):1131-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24180552
(4) Kesse-Guyot E, Andreeva VA, Ducros V et al: Carotenoid-rich dietary
patterns during midlife and subsequent cognitive function. Br J Nutr. 2014
Mar 14;111(5):915-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24073964
(5) Zou ZY, Xu XR, Lin XM et al: Effects of lutein and lycopene on carotid
intima-media thickness in Chinese subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis: a
randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2014
Feb;111(3):474-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24047757
(6) Chen J, Song Y, Zhang L: Lycopene/tomato consumption and the risk of
prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective
studies. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2013;59(3):213-23.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23883692
(7) Morgia G, Cimino S, Favilla V et al: Effects of Serenoa repens, selenium
and lycopene (Profluss®) on chronic inflammation associated with benign
prostatic hyperplasia: results of "FLOG" (Flogosis and Profluss in Prostatic
and Genital Disease), a multicentre Italian study. Int Braz J Urol. 2013 Mar-
Apr;39(2):214-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23683667
(8) Sarkar PD, Gupt T, Sahu A Comparative analysis of lycopene in oxidative
stress. J Assoc Physicians India. 2012 Jul;60:17-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23405535
(9) Karemore TV, Motwani M: Evaluation of the effect of newer antioxidant
lycopene in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis. Indian J Dent Res. 2012
Jul-Aug;23(4):524-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23257490
(10) Garrido M, González-Flores D, Marchena AM et al: A lycopene-enriched
virgin olive oil enhances antioxidant status in humans. J Sci Food Agric. 2013
Jun;93(8):1820-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23225211
(11) Park E, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Sharifi R et al: Diet adherence dynamics
and physiological responses to a tomato product whole-food intervention in
African-American men. Br J Nutr. 2013 Jun 28;109(12):2219-30.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200261
(12) Ghavipour M, Saedisomeolia A, Djalali M et al: Tomato juice consumption
reduces systemic inflammation in overweight and obese females. Br J Nutr.
2013 Jun;109(11):2031-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23069270
(13) Wood LG, Garg ML, Smart JM et al: Manipulating antioxidant intake in
asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Sep;96(3):534-43.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854412
(14) McEneny J, Wade L, Young IS et al: Lycopene intervention reduces
inflammation and improves HDL functionality in moderately overweight
middle-aged individuals. J Nutr Biochem. 2013 Jan;24(1):163-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22819555
(15) Xaplanteris P, Vlachopoulos C, Pietri P et al: Tomato paste
supplementation improves endothelial dynamics and reduces plasma total
oxidative status in healthy subjects. Nutr Res. 2012 May;32(5):390-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22652379
(16) Harms-Ringdahl M, Jenssen D, Haghdoost S: Tomato juice intake
suppressed serum concentration of 8-oxodG after extensive physical activity.
Nutr J. 2012 May 2;11:29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22551119
(17) Saawarn N, Shashikanth MC, Saawarn S et al: Lycopene in the
management of oral lichen planus: a placebo-controlled study. Indian J Dent
Res. 2011 Sep-Oct;22(5):639-43.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22406705
(18) Burton-Freeman B, Talbot J, Park E et al: Protective activity of processed
tomato products on postprandial oxidation and inflammation: a clinical trial
in healthy weight men and women. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012 Apr;56(4):622-
31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22331646
(19) Riccioni G, Scotti L, Di Ilio E et al: Lycopene and preclinical carotid
atherosclerosis. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2011 Jul-Sep;25(3):435-41.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22023768
(20) Thyagarajan B, A Meyer K, Smith LJ et al: Serum carotenoid
concentrations predict lung function evolution in young adults: the Coronary
Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Am J Clin Nutr.
2011 Nov;94(5):1211-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3192474/
(21) Magbanua MJ, Roy R, Sosa EV et al: Gene expression and biological
pathways in tissue of men with prostate cancer in a randomized clinical trial
of lycopene and fish oil supplementation. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24004.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912659
(22) Oborna I, Malickova K, Fingerova H et al: A randomized controlled trial of
lycopene treatment on soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products
in seminal and blood plasma of normospermic men. Am J Reprod Immunol.
2011 Sep;66(3):179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21276122
(23) Kim JY, Paik JK, Kim OY et al: Effects of lycopene supplementation on
oxidative stress and markers of endothelial function in healthy men.
Atherosclerosis. 2011 Mar;215(1):189-95.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21194693
(24) Shidfar F, Froghifar N, Vafa M et al: The effects of tomato consumption
on serum glucose, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-I, homocysteine and
blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2011
May;62(3):289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21138408
(25) Rizwan M, Rodriguez-Blanco I, Harbottle A et al: Tomato paste rich in
lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a
randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2011 Jan;164(1):154-62.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20854436
(26) Zhang X, Wang Q, Neil B et al: Effect of lycopene on androgen receptor
and prostate-specific antigen velocity. Chin Med J (Engl). 2010
Aug;123(16):2231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20819671
(27) Mackinnon ES, Rao AV, Josse RG et al: Supplementation with the
antioxidant lycopene significantly decreases oxidative stress parameters and
the bone resorption marker N-telopeptide of type I collagen in
postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2011 Apr;22(4):1091-101.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20552330
(28) Talvas J, Caris-Veyrat C, Guy L et al: Differential effects of lycopene
consumed in tomato paste and lycopene in the form of a purified extract on
target genes of cancer prostatic cells.Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jun;91(6):1716-24.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20392890
(29) Puri T, Goyal S, Julka PK et al: Lycopene in treatment of high-grade
gliomas: a pilot study. Neurol India. 2010 Jan-
Feb;58(1):20-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228458
(30) Darvin ME, Haag SF, Meinke MC et al: Determination of the influence of
IR radiation on the antioxidative network of the human skin. J Biophotonics.
2011 Jan;4(1-2):21-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20151398
(31) Darvin ME, Haag S, Meinke M et al: Radical production by infrared A
irradiation in human tissue. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2010;23(1):40-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20090407
(32) Tomita LY, Longatto Filho A, Costa MC etal: Diet and serum
micronutrients in relation to cervical neoplasia and cancer among lowincome
Brazilian women. Brazilian Investigation into Nutrition and Cervical
Cancer Prevention (BRINCA) Study Team. Int J Cancer. 2010 Feb 1;126(3):703-
14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19642096
(33) Kramer MS, Kahn SR, Platt RW et al: Antioxidant vitamins, long-chain fatty
acids, and spontaneous preterm Epidemiology. 2009 Sep;20(5):707-13.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19568173
(34) Blume-Peytavi U, Rolland A, Darvin ME et al: Cutaneous lycopene and
beta-carotene levels measured by resonance Raman spectroscopy: high
reliability and sensitivity to oral lactolycopene deprivation and
supplementation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2009 Sep;73(1):187-94.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19442725
(35) Di Giacomo C, Acquaviva R, Sorrenti V et al: Oxidative and antioxidant
status in plasma of runners: effect of oral supplementation with natural
antioxidants. J Med Food. 2009 Feb;12(1):145-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298208
(36) Paran E, Novack V, Engelhard YN et al: The effects of natural antioxidants
from tomato extract in treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients.
Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2009 Apr;23(2):145-51.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19052855
(37) Devaraj S, Mathur S, Basu A et al: A dose-response study on the effects
of purified lycopene supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress. J Am
Coll Nutr. 2008 Apr;27(2):267-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689558
(38) Hernández-Valero MA, Thomson CA, Hernández M et al: Comparison of
baseline dietary intake of Hispanic and matched non-Hispanic white breast
cancer survivors enrolled in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living study. J
Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Aug;108(8):1323-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18656572
(39) Grainger EM, Schwartz SJ, Wang S et al: A combination of tomato and soy
products for men with recurring prostate cancer and rising prostate specific
antigen. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(2):145-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18444145
(40) Dherani M, Murthy GV, Gupta SK et al: Blood levels of vitamin C,
carotenoids and retinol are inversely associated with cataract in a North
Indian population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Aug;49(8):3328-35.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421094
(41) Wood LG, Garg ML, Powell H et al: Lycopene-rich treatments modify
noneosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma: proof of concept. Free Radic
Res. 2008 Jan;42(1):94-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18324527
(42) Chandra RV, Prabhuji ML, Roopa DA et al: Efficacy of lycopene in the
treatment of gingivitis: a randomised, placebo- controlled clinical trial. Oral
Health Prev Dent. 2007;5(4):327-36.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18173095
(43) Schwarz S, Obermüller-Jevic UC, Hellmis E et al: Lycopene inhibits disease
progression in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia. J Nutr. 2008
Jan;138(1):49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18156403
(44) Neyestani TR, Shariatzadeh N, Gharavi A et al: Physiological dose of
lycopene suppressed oxidative stress and enhanced serum levels of
immunoglobulin M in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a possible role
in the prevention of long-term complications. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007
Nov;30(10):833-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075285
(45) Vrieling A, Voskuil DW, Bonfrer JM et al: Lycopene supplementation
elevates circulating insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 and -2
concentrations in persons at greater risk of colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Nutr.
2007 Nov;86(5):1456-62. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/86/5/1456
(46) Thomson CA, Stendell-Hollis NR, Rock CL et al: Plasma and dietary
carotenoids are associated with reduced oxidative stress in women
previously treated for breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.
2007 Oct;16(10):2008-15.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2575104/
(47) Vaishampayan U, Hussain M, Banerjee M et al: Lycopene and soy
isoflavones in the treatment of prostate cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2007;59(1):1-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927495
(48) Shen YC, Chen SL, Wang CK: Contribution of tomato phenolics to
antioxidation and down-regulation of blood lipids. J Agric Food Chem. 2007
Aug 8;55(16):6475-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17629300
(49) Silaste ML, Alfthan G, Aro A et al: Tomato juice decreases LDL cholesterol
levels and increases LDL resistance to oxidation. Br J Nutr. 2007
Dec;98(6):1251-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17617941
(50) Neyestani TR, Shariat-Zadeh N, Gharavi A et al: The opposite associations
of lycopene and body fat mass with humoral immunity in type 2 diabetes
mellitus: a possible role in atherogenesis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol.
2007 Jun;6(2):79-87. http://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/169
(51) Walfisch S, Walfisch Y, Kirilov E et al: Tomato lycopene extract
supplementation decreases insulin-like growth factor-I levels in colon cancer
patients. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2007 Aug;16(4):298-303.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17554202
(52) Li Y, Zhang J: Serum concentrations of antioxidant vitamins and
carotenoids are low in individuals with a history of attempted suicide. Nutr
Neurosci. 2007 Feb-Apr;10(1-2):51-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17539483
(53) Graydon R, Gilchrist SE, Young IS et al: Effect of lycopene
supplementation on insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth
factor binding protein-3: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin
Nutr. 2007 Oct;61(10):1196-200.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17299493
(54) Hozawa A, Jacobs DR Jr, Steffes MW et al: Relationships of circulating
carotenoid concentrations with several markers of inflammation, oxidative
stress, and endothelial dysfunction: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in
Young Adults (CARDIA)/Young Adult Longitudinal Trends in Antioxidants
(YALTA) study. Clin Chem. 2007 Mar;53(3):447-55.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440581/
(55) Kumar A, Bagewadi A, Keluskar V et al: Efficacy of lycopene in the
management of oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol
Oral Radiol Endod. 2007 Feb;103(2):207-13.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17234537
(56) Riso P, Brusamolino A, Martinetti A et al: Effect of a tomato drink
intervention on insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 serum levels in healthy
subjects. Nutr Cancer. 2006;55(2):157-62.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17044770
(57) Barber NJ, Zhang X, Zhu G et al: Lycopene inhibits DNA synthesis in
primary prostate epithelial cells in vitro and its administration is associated
with a reduced prostate-specific antigen velocity in a phase II clinical
study.Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2006;9(4):407-13.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983396
(58) Edinger MS, Koff WJ: Effect of the consumption of tomato paste on
plasma prostate-specific antigen levels in patients with benign prostate
hyperplasia. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006 Aug;39(8):1115-9.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-
879X2006000800014&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
(59) Misra R, Mangi S, Joshi S et al: LycoRed as an alternative to hormone
replacement therapy in lowering serum lipids and oxidative stress markers: a
randomized controlled clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2006
Jun;32(3):299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16764620
(60) Hozawa A, Jacobs DR Jr, Steffes MW et al: Associations of serum
carotenoid concentrations with the development of diabetes and with insulin
concentration: interaction with smoking: the Coronary Artery Risk
Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 May
15;163(10):929-37. http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/163/10/929.long
(61) Zhao X, Aldini G, Johnson EJ et al: Modification of lymphocyte DNA
damage by carotenoid supplementation in postmenopausal women. Am J
Clin Nutr. 2006 Jan;83(1):163-9.
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/83/1/163.long
(62) Nouraie M, Pietinen P, Kamangar F et al: Fruits, vegetables, and
antioxidants and risk of gastric cancer among male smokers. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Sep;14(9):2087-92.
http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/14/9/2087.long
(63) JACC Study Group: Lung cancer mortality and serum levels of
carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and folic acid in men and women: a casecontrol
study nested in the JACC Study.J Epidemiol. 2005 Jun;15 Suppl 2:S140-
9. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jea/15/Supplement_II/15_Supplement_II_S
140/_article
(64) JACC Study Group: Updated information on risk factors for lung cancer:
findings from the JACC Study. J Epidemiol. 2005 Jun;15 Suppl 2:S134-9.
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jea/15/Supplement_II/15_Supplement_II_S
134/_article
(65) van Breemen RB: How do intermediate endpoint markers respond to
lycopene in men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia? J Nutr.
2005 Aug;135(8):2062S-4S. http://jn.nutrition.org/content/135/8/2062S.long
(66) Bub A, Barth SW, Watzl B et al: Paraoxonase 1 Q192R (PON1-192)
polymorphism is associated with reduced lipid peroxidation in healthy young
men on a low-carotenoid diet supplemented with tomato juice. Br J Nutr.
2005 Mar;93(3):291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15877867
(67) Ansari MS, Gupta NP: Lycopene: a novel drug therapy in hormone
refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2004 Sep-Oct;22(5):415-20.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464923
(68) Singh M, Krishanappa R, Bagewadi A et al: Efficacy of oral lycopene in the
treatment of oral leukoplakia. Oral Oncol. 2004 Jul;40(6):591-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15063387
(69) Olfer'ev AM, Il'ina MV, Berzak NV et al: Effect of lycopene on blood
lipoproteids in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus in postmenopause. Vopr
Pitan. 2004;73(1):19-23. (Russian).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15049152
(70) Tyssandier V, Feillet-Coudray C, Caris-Veyrat C et al: Effect of tomato
product consumption on the plasma status of antioxidant microconstituents
and on the plasma total antioxidant capacity in healthy subjects. J Am Coll
Nutr. 2004 Apr;23(2):148-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15047681
(71) Mayne ST, Cartmel B, Lin H et al: Low plasma lycopene concentration is
associated with increased mortality in a cohort of patients with prior oral,
pharynx or larynx cancers. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Feb;23(1):34-42.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14963051
(72) Astley SB, Hughes DA, Wright AJ et al: DNA damage and susceptibility to
oxidative damage in lymphocytes: effects of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo.
Br J Nutr. 2004 Jan;91(1):53-61.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14748938
(73) Cardinault N, Tyssandier V, Grolier P et al: Comparison of the
postprandial chylomicron carotenoid responses in young and older subjects.
Eur J Nutr. 2003 Dec;42(6):315-23.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14673604
(74) Hoppe PP, Krämer K, van den Berg H et al: Synthetic and tomato-based
lycopene have identical bioavailability in humans. Eur J Nutr. 2003
Oct;42(5):272-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14564460
(75) Watzl B, Bub A, Briviba K et al: Supplementation of a low-carotenoid diet
with tomato or carrot juice modulates immune functions in healthy men. Ann
Nutr Metab. 2003;47(6):255-61.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520020
(76) Ansari MS, Gupta NP: A comparison of lycopene and orchidectomy vs
orchidectomy alone in the management of advanced prostate cancer. BJU
Int. 2003 Sep;92(4):375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12930422
(77) Césarini JP, Michel L, Maurette JM et al: Immediate effects of UV radiation
on the skin: modification by an antioxidant complex containing carotenoids.
Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2003 Aug;19(4):182-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12925189
(78) Visioli F, Riso P, Grande S et al: Protective activity of tomato products on
in vivo markers of lipid oxidation. Eur J Nutr. 2003 Aug;42(4):201-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12923651
(79) Gupta NP, Kumar R: Lycopene therapy in idiopathic male infertility--a
preliminary report. Int Urol Nephrol. 2002;34(3):369-72.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12899230
(80) Sharma JB, Kumar A, Kumar A et al: Effect of lycopene on pre-eclampsia
and intra-uterine growth retardation in primigravidas. Int J Gynaecol Obstet.
2003 Jun;81(3):257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12767566
(81) JACC Study Group: Serum carotenoids and mortality from lung cancer: a
case-control study nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) study.
Cancer Sci. 2003 Jan;94(1):57-63.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12708475
(82) Djuric Z, Uhley VE, Naegeli L et al: Plasma carotenoids, tocopherols, and
antioxidant capacity in a 12-week intervention study to reduce fat and/or
energy intakes. Nutrition. 2003 Mar;19(3):244-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12620527
(83) Hadley CW, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ: The consumption of processed
tomato products enhances plasma lycopene concentrations in association
with a reduced lipoprotein sensitivity to oxidative damage. J Nutr. 2003
Mar;133(3):727-32. http://jn.nutrition.org/content/133/3/727.long
(84) Heinrich U, Gärtner C, Wiebusch M et al: Supplementation with betacarotene
or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from
UV-induced erythema. J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):98-101.
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/133/1/98.long
(85) Bub A, Barth S, Watzl B et al: Paraoxonase 1 Q192R (PON1-192)
polymorphism is associated with reduced lipid peroxidation in R-allele-carrier
but not in QQ homozygous elderly subjects on a tomato-rich diet. Eur J Nutr.
2002 Dec;41(6):237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12474066
(86) Arab L, Steck-Scott S, Fleishauer AT: Lycopene and the lung. Exp Biol Med
(Maywood). 2002 Nov;227(10):894-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424331
(87) Kucuk O, Sarkar FH, Djuric Z et al: Effects of lycopene supplementation in
patients with localized prostate cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2002
Nov;227(10):881-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424329
(88) Vogt TM, Mayne ST, Graubard BI et al: Serum lycopene, other serum
carotenoids, and risk of prostate cancer in US Blacks and Whites. Am J
Epidemiol. 2002 Jun 1;155(11):1023-32.
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/155/11/1023.long
(89) Maruyama C, Imamura K, Oshima S et al: Effects of tomato juice
consumption on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoid concentrations and the
susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. J Nutr Sci
Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2001 Jun;47(3):213-21.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11575576
(90) Kucuk O, Sarkar FH, Sakr W et al: Phase II randomized clinical trial of
lycopene supplementation before radical prostatectomy. Biomarkers Prev.
2001 Aug;10(8):861-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11489752
(91) Mucci LA, Tamimi R, Lagiou P et al: Are dietary influences on the risk of
prostate cancer mediated through the insulin- like growth factor system? BJU
Int. 2001 Jun;87(9):814-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11412218
(92) Stahl W, Heinrich U, Wiseman S et al: Dietary tomato paste protects
against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans. J Nutr. 2001
May;131(5):1449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11340098
(93) Neuman I, Nahum H, Ben-Amotz A; Reduction of exercise-induced
asthma oxidative stress by lycopene, a natural antioxidant. Allergy. 2000
Dec;55(12):1184-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11117277
(94) Chopra M, O'Neill ME, Keogh N et al: Influence of increased fruit and
vegetable intake on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoids and LDL oxidation in
smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Chem. 2000 Nov;46(11):1818-29.
http://www.clinchem.org/content/46/11/1818.long
(95) Hughes DA, Wright AJ, Finglas PM et al: Effects of lycopene and lutein
supplementation on the expression of functionally associated surface
molecules on blood monocytes from healthy male nonsmokers. J Infect Dis.
2000 Sep;182 Suppl 1:S11-5.
http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/182/Supplement_1/S11.long
(96) Torbergsen AC, Collins AR : Recovery of human lymphocytes from
oxidative DNA damage; the apparent enhancement of DNA repair by
carotenoids is probably simply an antioxidant effect. Eur J Nutr. 2000
Apr;39(2):80-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10918989
(97) Upritchard JE, Sutherland WH, Mann JI et al: Effect of supplementation
with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on LDL oxidation and products of
inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000 Jun;23(6):733-8.
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/23/6/733.long
(98) Riso P, Pinder A, Santangelo A et al: Does tomato consumption
effectively increase the resistance of lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage?
Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Apr;69(4):712-8.
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/69/4/712.long
(99) Agarwal S, Rao AV: Tomato lycopene and low density lipoprotein
oxidation: a human dietary intervention study. Lipids. 1998 Oct;33(10):981-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9832077
Additional Studies:
-
Agarwal S, Rao A: Tomato lycopene and low density lipoprotein oxidation: a human dietary intervention study. Lipids. 1998. 33(10):981-4.
-
Burton-Freeman B, Talbot J, Park E et al: Protective activity of processed tomato products on postprandial oxidation and inflammation: a clinical trial in healthy weight men and women. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012. 56(4):622-31.
-
Chen J, Song Y, Zhang L: Lycopene/tomato consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2013. 59(3):213-23.
-
Devaraj S, Mathur S, Basu A et al: A dose-response study on the effects of purified lycopene supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008. 27(2):267-73.
-
Di Giacomo C, Acquaviva R, Sorrenti V et al: Oxidative and antioxidant status in plasma of runners: effect of oral supplementation with natural antioxidants. J Med Food. 2009. 12(1):145-50.
-
Garrido M, González-Flores D, Marchena AM et al: A lycopene-enriched virgin olive oil enhances antioxidant status in humans. J Sci Food Agric. 2013. 93(8):1820-6.
-
Hadley C, Clinton S, Schwartz S: The consumption of processed tomato products enhances plasma lycopene concentrations in association with a reduced lipoprotein sensitivity to oxidative damage. J Nutr. 2003. 133(3):727-32.
-
Hozawa A, Jacobs D Jr, Steffes M et al: Relationships of circulating carotenoid concentrations with several markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA)/Young Adult Longitudinal Trends in Antioxidants (YALTA) study. Clin Chem. 2007. 53(3):447-55.
-
Kim JY, Paik JK, Kim OY et al: Effects of lycopene supplementation on oxidative stress and markers of endothelial function in healthy men. Atherosclerosis. 2011. 215(1):189-95.
-
Maruyama C, Imamura K, Oshima S et al: Effects of tomato juice consumption on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoid concentrations and the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2001. 47(3):213-21.
-
Paran E, Novack V, Engelhard YN et al: The effects of natural antioxidants from tomato extract in treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2009. 23(2):145-51.
-
Riccioni G, Scotti L, Di Ilio E et al: Lycopene and preclinical carotid atherosclerosis. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2011. 25(3):435-41
-
Schwarz S, Obermüller-Jevic U, Hellmis E et al: Lycopene inhibits disease progression in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia. J Nutr. 2008. 138(1):49-53.
-
Shen YC, Chen SL, Wang CK: Contribution of tomato phenolics to antioxidation and down-regulation of blood lipids. J Agric Food Chem. 2007. 8;55(16):6475-81.
-
Silaste ML, Alfthan G, Aro A et al: Tomato juice decreases LDL cholesterol levels and increases LDL resistance to oxidation. Br J Nutr. 2007. 98(6):1251-8.
-
Torbergsen A, Collins A: Recovery of human lymphocytes from oxidative DNA damage; the apparent enhancement of DNA repair by carotenoids is probably simply an antioxidant effect. Eur J Nutr. 2000. 39(2):80-5.
-
Tyssandier V, Feillet-Coudray C, Caris-Veyrat C et al: Effect of tomato product consumption on the plasma status of antioxidant microconstituents and on the plasma total antioxidant capacity in healthy subjects. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004. 23(2):148-56.
-
Visioli F, Riso P, Grande S et al: Protective activity of tomato products on in vivo markers of lipid oxidation. Eur J Nutr. 2003. 42(4):201-6.
-
Xaplanteris P, Vlachopoulos C, Pietri P et al: Tomato paste supplementation improves endothelial dynamics and reduces plasma total oxidative status in healthy subjects. Nutr Res. 2012. 32(5):390-4.
-
Zhang X, Wang Q, Neil B et al: Effect of lycopene on androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen velocity. Chin Med J (Engl). 2010. 123(16):2231-6.
Zou ZY, Xu XR, Lin XM et al: Effects of lutein and lycopene on carotid intima-media thickness in Chinese subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2014. 111(3):474-80.
SMG, Inc., American Dream Nutrition, LLC. 2018 All rights reserved. No income claims or guarantees are made or implied. Individual results and incomes are determined by each person's efforts to build and promote their business. *These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products and information are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. Take as directed and always consult with your doctor or healthcare professional before taking any supplements.